Alocação de canais em sistemas de comunicação celular empregando algoritmo genético distribuído

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Priority realloc: um mecanismo para alocação de rotas e recursos em redes EON.

Backbone networks are responsible for long-haul data transport serving many clients with a large volume of data. Since long-haul data transport service must rely on a robust high capacity network the current technology broadly adopted by the industry is Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). WDM networks enable one single ber to operate with multiple high capacity channels, drastically increasing the ber capacity. In WDM networks each channel is associated with an individual wavelength. Therefore a whole wavelength capacity is assigned to a connection, causing waste of bandwidth in case the connection bandwidth requirement is less than the channel total capacity. In the last half decade, Elastic Optical Networks (EON) have been proposed and developed based on the fexible use of the optical spectrum known as the exigrid. EONs are adaptable to clients requirements and may enhance optical networks performance. For these reasons, research community and data transport providers have been demonstrating increasingly high interest in EONs which are likely to replace WDM as the universally adopted technology in backbone networks in the near future. EONs have two characteristics that may limit its ecient resources use. The spectrum fragmentation, inherent to the dynamic EON operation, decrease the network capacity to assign resources to connection requests increasing network blocking probability. The spectrum fragmentation also intensifides the denial of service to higher rate request inducing service unfairness. Due to the fact EONs were just recently developed and proposed, the aforementioned issues were not yet extensively studied and solutions are still being proposed. Furthermore, EONs do not yet provide specific features as differentiated service mechanisms. Differentiated service strategies are important in backbone networks to guarantee client\'s diverse requirements in case of a network failure or the natural congestion and resources contention that may occur at some periods of time in a network. Impelled by the foregoing facts, this thesis objective is three-fold. By means of developing and proposing a mechanism for routing and resources assignment in EONs, we intend to provide differentiated service while decreasing fragmentation level and increasing service fairness. The mechanism proposed and explained in this thesis was tested in a EON simulation environment and performance results indicated that it promotes beneficial performance enhancements when compared to benchmark algorithms.

Is there a difference between narrowing of the spinal canal and neurological deficits comparing Denis and Magerl classifications?

We have read with great interest the retrospective study by Caffaro and Avanzi1 evaluating the relation between narrowing of the spinal canal and neurological deficits in patients with burst-type fractures of the spine. The authors are to be commended for obtaining detailed neurological and radiological data in a large cohort of 227 patients. The authors conclude: “The percentage of narrowing of the spinal canal proved to be a pre-disposing factor for the severity of the neurological status in thoracolumbar and lumbar burst-type fractures according to the classifications of Denis and Magerl.” Although this conclusion is mainly in accordance with previous findings, we would like to comment on the methodological approach applied in the current study.

Porous Ca-Si-based nanospheres : a potential intra-canal disinfectant-carrier for infected canal treatment

The aim of this study is to develop a new intra-canal disinfectant-carrier for infected canal treatment. To achieve this purpose, a new porous Ca-Si (CS)-based nanosphere was synthesized and characterized. Results showed that the nanospheres can infiltrate into dentinal tubules and released the ampicillin over one week time in a sustained manner. The release of ampicillin from spheres has significantly antibacterial property. Extensive and well-organized in vitro mineralization and crystallization of apatite were induced on the surface of dentin slices covered by CS nanospheres. All these features indicate that the porous CS nanospheres may be developed into a new intra-canal disinfectant-carrier for infected canal treatment.

Revascularization and tissue regeneration of an empty root canal space is enhanced by a direct blood supply and stem cells

Background Regenerative endodontics is an innovative treatment concept aiming to regenerate pulp, dentin and root structures. In the diseased or necrotic tooth, the limitation in vascular supply renders successful tissue regeneration/generation in a whole tooth challenging. The aim of this study is to evaluate the ability of vascularized tissue to develop within a pulpless tooth using tissue engineering techniques. Materials and methods A pulpless tooth chamber, filled with collagen I gel containing isolated rat dental pulp cells (DPC) and angiogenic growth factors, was placed into a hole created in the femoral cortex or into its own tooth socket, respectively. The gross, histological and biochemical characteristics of the de novo tissue were evaluated at 4 and 8weeks post-transplantation. Results Tooth revascularization and tissue generation was observed only in the femur group, confirming the important role of vascular supply in tissue regeneration. The addition of cells and growth factors significantly promoted connective tissue production in the tooth chamber. Conclusion Successful revascularization and tissue regeneration in this model demonstrate the importance of a direct vascular supply and the advantages of a stem cell approach. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

A fuzzy logic based dynamic wave model inversion algorithm for canal regulation

A fuzzy logic based centralized control algorithm for irrigation canals is presented. Purpose of the algorithm is to control downstream discharge and water level of pools in the canal, by adjusting discharge release from the upstream end and gates settings. The algorithm is based on the dynamic wave model (Saint-Venant equations) inversion in space, wherein the momentum equation is replaced by a fuzzy rule based model, while retaining the continuity equation in its complete form. The fuzzy rule based model is developed on fuzzification of a new mathematical model for wave velocity, the derivational details of which are given. The advantages of the fuzzy control algorithm, over other conventional control algorithms, are described. It is transparent and intuitive, and no linearizations of the governing equations are involved. Timing of the algorithm and method of computation are explained. It is shown that the tuning is easy and the computations are straightforward. The algorithm provides stable, realistic and robust outputs. The disadvantage of the algorithm is reduced precision in its outputs due to the approximation inherent in the fuzzy logic. Feed back control logic is adopted to eliminate error caused by the system disturbances as well as error caused by the reduced precision in the outputs. The algorithm is tested by applying it to water level control problem in a fictitious canal with a single pool and also in a real canal with a series of pools. It is found that results obtained from the algorithm are comparable to those obtained from conventional control algorithms.

Analysis of transients in a canal network

A generalised formulation of the mathematical model developed for the analysis of transients in a canal network, under subcritical flow, with any realistic combination of control structures and their multiple operations, has been presented. The model accounts for a large variety of control structures such as weirs, gates, notches etc. discharging under different conditions, namely submerged and unsubmerged. A numerical scheme to compute and approximate steady state flow condition as the initial condition has also been presented. The model can handle complex situations that may arise from multiple gate operations. This has been demonstrated with a problem wherein the boundary conditions change from a gate discharge equation to an energy equation and back to a gate discharge equation. In such a situation the wave strikes a fixed gate and leads to large and rapid fluctuations in both discharge and depth.

Estudio descriptivo del rendimiento y espesor de la grasa dorsal en la canal de cerdos alimentados con diferentes tipos de dietas

El presente estudio se realizó en la Granja Santa Rosa, ubicada en el km 13 a los 86° 09 36" longitud oeste y los 12° 08 15" latitud norte, al norte de la comunidad de Sabana Grande, Municipio de Managua, propiedad de la Universidad Nacional Agraria. Entre los meses de Septiembre y Diciembre de 1998. El objetivo principal del estudio fue la evaluación del Rendimiento en canal y Espesor de Grasa Dorsal en cerdos alimentados bajo los siguientes tratamientos: 10-0 % concentrado (TI), l00 % desperdicios de cocina (T2), 50 % desperdicios de cocina más 50% desperdicios de molinería (T3), 50% desperdicios de cocina más 50% desperdicios de galleta (T4) y 50% desperdicios de cocina más 25% desperdicios de galleta más 25 % desperdicios de maseca (T5). Se utilizó un análisis descriptivo, siendo las variables principales Rendimiento en Canal y Espesor de Grasa Dorsal Se sacrificaron 10 cerdos híbridos (5 hembras y 5 machos castrados), de un total de 40 animales, distribuidos en grupos de 8 cerdos (4 hembras y 4 machos castrados) por Cada tratamiento, sacrificados a un peso vivo promedio de 90 kg. El T2 presentó el mayor rendimiento en canal con un 81.20 %, superando en 3.95 % al TI Los cerdos alimentados con los tratamientos T2, T4 y T5 obtuvieron mayor rendimiento en canal que los cerdos de los tratamientos TI y T3. En todos los tratamientos exceptuando l00 % desperdicio de cocina los machos castrados tuvieron mayor espesor de grasa dorsal que las hembras estas diferencias oscilan entre 0.2 y 1.5 cm coo un promedio de 0.85 cm. Los cerdos alimentados con los tratamientos TI y T2 obtuvieron un mayor porcentaje de carne y costillas que los alimentados con el resto de los tratamientos. El tratamiento T3 obtuvo mayor porcentaje de cabeza que el resto de los tratamientos. El porcentaje de hueso fue mayor en los cerdos de los tratamientos TI, T2 y T3.

The Corogal: one of the big dredges in Culebra Cut, Panama Canal (ca. 1914)

Leonard Carpenter Panama Canal Collection. Photographs: Dredging, Soldiers, and Ships. [Box 1] from the Special Collections & Area Studies Department, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida.

First U.S. battleships through Panama Canal: Missouri, Ohio, Wisconsin (postcard ca 1914)

Leonard Carpenter Panama Canal Collection. Photographs: Dredging, Soldiers, and Ships. [Box 1] from the Special Collections & Area Studies Department, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida.

Tow boat fleet at Paraiso, Panama Canal (ca. 1914)

Leonard Carpenter Panama Canal Collection. Photographs: Dredging, Soldiers, and Ships. [Box 1] from the Special Collections & Area Studies Department, George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida.